These mapping data suggested the presence of two resistance loci. SNPs were exported to Microsoft Excel and segregating loci that were homozygote in the parents and had less than 30 % missing data were used for genetic mapping and QTL analysis. In addition to QTLs obtained from inclusive composite interval mapping, also resistance QTL loci detected by interval mapping were verified. Strong segregation of resistance was found in both experimental populations TC1966 × NM92 and V2802 × NM94, ranging from 100 % resistance to 100 % susceptibility. 2005;98(4):1369–73. Article  1, Sec. Table 1 shows the rate of correct prediction of the bruchid resistance phenotype in the mapping populations. The present study applied GBS on populations derived from crosses of bruchid resistant wild mungbean TC1966 and cultivated mungbean V2802 with bruchid susceptible lines NM92 and NM94 to identify and compare resistance loci between the two different resistance sources. Markers linked to bruchid resistance of TC1966 and V2709 have been identified by [12, 13, 21]. Host resistance to bruchids would be the most sustainable way to control the pest. This work was supported by the Innovative Translational Agricultural Research Program (Project #2014CP04), Academia Sinica, Taiwan and with the financial support of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany, Contract No. 2006;125(1):77–84. In addition, markers physically mapped to chromosomes 3 and 4 were strongly linked to markers mapped to chromosome 5. SR, NR, CLF, LHF and LMS designed the study. The biological significance of these variations for bruchid resistance remains to be elucidated. Akaerue BI, Onwuka GI. x^ûÿŸ †B Chromosomal rearrangements in the founder lines of the mapping populations relative to the mungbean reference genome sequence, especially rearrangements involving the bruchid resistance QTL region, make unambiguous mapping of the resistance gene difficult. QTL analysis using inclusive composite interval mapping on genetic maps revealed one highly significant locus associated with bruchid resistance in both populations. It is also grown in South America, US, Africa, Australia and Asia. The major quantitative trait locus for mungbean yellow mosaic Indian virus resistance is tightly linked in repulsion phase to the major bruchid resistance locus in a cross between mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and its wild relative Vigna radiata ssp. The high number of linkage groups compared to the number of chromosomes may be due to the fact that faba bean possesses one of the largest genomes among cultivated legumes (~13000 Mb). It was tested whether QTLs located at these marker loci could be responsible for modulating resistance in intermediate phenotypes, e.g. To assess whether all markers associated with bruchid resistance by inclusive composite interval mapping indeed map to chromosome 5, the primer and amplification product sequences of markers dCAPS 2 and dCAPS 3 were mapped to available mungbean sequences. Fine mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and qualitative trait genes plays an important role in gene cloning, molecular-marker-assisted selection (MAS), and trait improvement. Breeding of bruchid-resistant legumes is a laborious task. sublobata TC1966 [4]. The marker mainly failed to correctly detect 100 % resistant and susceptible genotypes and thus seemed to modulate resistance in intermediate phenotypes. In V2802 × NM94, markers physically mapped at 5,622,070, 5,662,479, 5,953,917 and 5,974,663 were 100 % co-segregating with resistance phenotype. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. /Width 75 More information on the biochemical basis of bruchid resistance and feeding studies assessing the safety of alternative resistance sources are required to guarantee safety of bruchid-resistant mungbean for human nutrition. After electrophoresis, the gels were stained with 5 μg/mL−1 ethidium bromide and the bands were visualized under ultraviolet light. For all these reasons, breeders are reluctant to use TC1966 as a bruchid resistance source. Through GBS, 7 SNPs were found in the region of gene Vradi05g03780.1, and 4 of them predicted an amino acid sequence changes in this gene. Bruchid beetles are an important storage pest of grain legumes. BMC Plant Biol. Genetics and breeding for bruchid resistance in Asiatic Vigna species. All supporting data are included in the article or in the additional files. (XLSX 18 kb), Gene content of the reference genome VC1973 in the chromosome 5 QTL interval. However, bruchid resistance in V. radiata var. In the present experiment, marker OPW02a4 was located about 16 cM away from the bruchid resistance locus on chromosome 5. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Theor Appl Gen. 2005;110(5):914–24. Fernandez GCJ, Talekar NS. Research Article Detection of Tannery Effluents Induced DNA Damage in Mung Bean by Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers AbhayRaj, 1 SharadKumar, 1 IzharulHaq, 1 andMahadeoKumar 2 Environmental Microbiology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of … Bruchid resistance factors have been isolated from bean and chickpea seeds [7–9]. Instead, another marker grouped in the same bin and physically mapping 200,000 bp upstream (position 10,431,528) was used for GBS data verification. The mung bean is mainly cultivated in East Asia, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Chen HM, Ku HM, Schafleitner R, Bains TS, Kuo CG, Liu CA, et al. Heredity analysis and gene mapping of bruchid resistance of a mungbean cultivar V2709. The QTL intervals are indicated by black bars. Beetles of the genera Bruchus, Bruchidius, Callosobruchus, Acanthoscelides, Zabrotes and Caryedon affect a range of legume grains including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (V. unguiculata), mungbean (V. radiata), bambara groundnuts (V. subterranea), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and other grain legumes [3]. stream Google ScholarÂ. Subsequently, the markers tightly associated with bruchid resistance were tested in 86 F3 families of V2802 × NM94. Green mung bean sprouts are not the long white bean sprouts commonly used in Asian cuisine, like spring rolls and stir fry's. This QTL co-localized with an interval highly associated with reduced number of emerging adults (LOD: 28.4, 80.9 % of the variation explained and an additive effect of −18.5 adults). *) The primers for DMB-SSR-158 map 7,000 bp apart on the VC1973 reference genome sequence. In contrast, markers Mb-87 and OPW02a4 described being associated with bruchid resistance in V2709 [21] and TC1966 [27] mapped 7.75 and 16.09 cM away from the nearest chromosome 5 QTL-related marker. Abstract Aims: Investigate the interaction of bioluminescent Escherichia coli and Salmonella Montevideo with germinating mung bean sprouts. Genome sequence of mungbean and insights into evolution within Vigna species. Souframanien J, Gupta SK, Gopalakrishna Y. 2008;180(4):2201–8. 7,460 of the SNPs were aligned to the 11 chromosomes of mungbean, and 1,822 aligned to scaffold sequences that could not yet be integrated into chromosomes of the reference genome. [26] demonstrated some degree of variation in scaffold alignments between VC1973 and TC1966. The liquid and the gel debris were transferred to a spin column (Ambion, AM10065) and centrifuged for 5 min at top speed. In V2802 × NM94, the number of completely resistant RIL families increased from the F3 to the F7 generation, from 13 to 52. And green gram, commonly called moong or mung bean. One QTL for both seed damage and number of emerging bruchids was located on chromosome 5 between markers 3:10,830,930 and 5:5,730,691 with an LOD of 41.3 and 53.1, respectively, explaining 74.8 and 82.9 % of the variation and an additive effect of −27.0 % seed damage and −8.1 emerging bruchids. The numbers along the x-axis designate the family numbers. 2010;48(6):401–6. Hyone-Myong Eun, in Enzymology Primer for Recombinant DNA Technology, 1996. Gbaye OA, Millard JC, Holloway GJ. Genetic maps were constructed with the IciMapping software after grouping the binned markers at a logarithm of odds (LOD) of 6. 200 μl ultra-pure water was added to each tube, and the tubes were shaken for 2 h on a rotating orbital shaker at room temperature. Theor Appl Gen. 2007;114(4):755–64. Tetra marker 2 testing a SNP on chromosome 2 and Tetra marker 4 assessing a SNP on chromosome 10 predicted resistance and susceptibility correctly in 90 and 85 %, respectively, in 130 families of V2802 × NM94 (F7). in wild mungbean (Vigna radiata var. The major mungbean infecting bruchid species in Asia are Callosobruchus chinensis and C. maculatus [4]. with a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 22. hese species include, for example, common bean, runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.), cowpea, mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek], and pigeonpea. The SNPs of both population that could be mapped to the 11 chromosomes of the reference genome are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1. )isobservedalongthe lineage leading from the reconstructed ancestral node of the Millettioid clade to G. max, the result of a recent WGD exclusive to the genus Glycine. Identification of quantitative trait loci for bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) resistance in black gram [Vigna Mungo (L.) hepper]. J Stored Prod Res. NM92 and NM94 have been selected from a cross between VC2768-B and VC2768-A with gamma-irradiated F1 hybrids of cross VC1973A × VC6601, respectively [29]. Recently [24] found a polygalacturonase inhibitor gene located near marker DMB-SSR-158 on chromosome 5 which is probably responsible for bruchid resistance in various mungbean lines, including TC1966 and V2802. It was associated with bruchid resistance in 88.5 % of 61 tested families. Bruchids and legumes: economics, ecology and coevolution. In both populations the markers associated with putative QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 7 and 10 co-segregated with the genotypes of markers linked to the chromosome 5 QTL (Additional file 5: Figure S1). V2709 has been used in Korea to breed the bruchid-resistant variety Jangan and two quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance were identified in this line [21]. The resistance phenotype prediction accuracy in V2802 × NM94 was 99 % for 34458, 96.5 % for Vr34480, and 94 % for 779. Article  Plant Mol Biol Rep. 1995;13:207–7. In: Fujii K, Gatehouse AMR, Johnson CD, Mitchell R, Yoshida T, editors. Selected SNP markers associated with bruchid resistance in V2802 × NM94 (F7) and TC1966 × NM94 (F12) were converted to CAPS markers using the CAPS designer tool (https://solgenomics.wur.nl/tools/caps_designer/caps_input.pl). Lines carrying the V2709 resistance gene were suggested to be safe for human consumption based on an animal oral toxicity study [22]. Markers Vr34480 and 34458 were dominant. The marker bins located at this QTL contained 51 markers physically mapped to chromosome 5, 30 to chromosome 4 (position 15,135,409 to 15,572,752) and 7 to chromosome 3 (10,421,576 to 10,579,209) of the reference genome sequence. JIRCAS J. When using the sequence scaffolds of recombinant inbred line RIL59 derived from TC1966 × NM92 as a reference [13], both markers mapped to scaffold 35, which was attributed to chromosome 3 of RIL59. One QTL for both seed damage and number of emerging bruchids was located on chromosome 5 between markers 3:10,830,930 and 5:5,730,691 with an LOD of 41.3 and 53.1, respectively, explaining 74.8 and 82.9 % of the variation and an additive effect of −27.0 % seed damage and −8.1 emerging bruchids. It belongs to leguminosae family and diploid chromosome number (2n=22) with 600 Mb genome size. This includes: -Foreign Seeds (Weed seeds), including other edible grains -Empty seed pods or pieces of seed pods of mung beans -Empty seed pods, pieces of seed pods or seed pods containing seeds of all other weed seeds -Unmillable Material -Grasshoppers and Locusts One major and two minor bruchid resistance genes have been mapped in this line [12]. The characters days to 50 % flowering, number of pods per cluster, number of seeds per pod and harvest index showed positive and significant correlation along with positive direct effect on grain yield. PubMed  A QTL for reduced number of bruchid adults was located at the same position, with an LOD of 32.0 explaining 91.7 % of the trait variation and an additive effect of −20.7 emerging adult bruchids. 1996;3:23–31. Talekar NS, Lin C-P. Markers dCAPS2, dCAPS3, CAPS1 and CAPS12 correctly predicted resistance; all resistant families were homozygote for the resistant allele, while susceptible plants were homozygote for the susceptible allele (Table 2). Resistance against bruchid beetles has been found in wild mungbean V. radiata var. (DOCX 14 kb), Marker genotypes of families of the mapping populations TC1966 × NM92 and V2802 × NM94 at bruchid resistance loci. It yielded, in addition to the QTL on chromosome 5, putative QTLs on chromosomes 1, 7 and 10 in TC1966 × NM92, and QTLs on chromosomes 2 and 10 in V2802 × NM94 (Additional file 2: Table S2). There have been reports of SSR identification in mung bean (Gwag et al. ‘þ¯‰*ÊAq"‡Û,i¨„zdyiiE$6D1². silvestris) VM2164 is another potential donor for bruchid resistance genes [19, 20]. PubMed Central  BMC Plant Biol 16, 159 (2016). The plants were grown in greenhouses during the spring and autumn seasons in pots and seed was harvested at maturity. A chromosome number of four was confirmed by cytological ... Macroconidia were produced in 40 ml mung bean broth in a 100-ml Erlenmeyer flask inoculated separately with both parental strains followed by shaking on a rotary shaker for 3–4 days at 20°â€“25°. 1, Sec. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. It is consumed in the form of dal(whole or split, husked or unhusked) or parched. When it result lower yields and poor grain qaulity. Euphytica. The major QTL was linked to microsatellite marker DMB-SSR-158. For people in regions where animal protein is scarce, mung beans are an important source of protein. The order of the CAPS and dCAPS markers of our study and of markers previously found being associated with bruchid resistance was assessed on genetic maps (Fig. 5). Size selection of the adapter-ligated restriction fragments was performed after electrophoresis at 145 V for 45 min on 6 % polyacrylamide gels in tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) buffer side-by side with a 50 bp DNA ladder as a size marker. Liu MS, Kuo TCY, Ko CY, Wu DC, Li KY, Lin WJ, et al. In total, 6,463 markers for V2802 × NM94 were grouped into 510 bins and resulted in a genetic map spanning 875 cM along 11 linkage groups corresponding to chromosomes 1, 2 and 5 to 11 (Fig. 3). The type we are referring to are the small white sprouts that still have the legume attached. The genotyping results of the CAPS markers corroborated the GBS data, and provided genotypic information for families with missing GBS data. Nat Commun. stream %âãÏÓ The Fastq-files of the raw reads were processed in Tassel on an IBM × 3500–4 workstation. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from tropical to subtropical areas around the world [].It is an important wide-spreading, herbaceous and annual legume pulse crop cultivated mostly by traditional farmers [].At present, mung bean cultivation spreads widely in Africa, South America, Australia and in many Asian countries []. /ColorSpace [/Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 9 0 R ] number of seeds per pod and harvest index showed positive and significant correlation along with positive direct effect on grain yield. Nat Commun. Mung bean seeds are usually green or brown, but some tropical varieties are yellow, and they are normally half the diameter of a soybean seed. endstream January 24, 2020. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) plays a vital role in the health and nutritional security of human beings. /Type /XObject 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Legume Breeding, World Vegetable Center South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, Patancheru, 502 324, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, You can also search for this author in Seed of resistant (TC1966, V2802) and susceptible (NM92, NM94) parents were used as a check. Bruchid-resistance tests were performed on 61 F12 families of TC1966 × NM92 and 141 families over three generations (F3, F5 and F7) for V2802 × NM94 in three biological replicates of 40 seeds each, using a method described in [12]. A 4-week feeding study on mice comparing a commercial mungbean line with an isogenic line containing the bruchid resistance gene from TC1966 showed no negative impact on growth or any pathological effect of the V. radiata var. When it result lower yields and poor grain qaulity. Food Chem Toxicol. Therefore, selection based on this component traits would results improvement in grain yield of mung bean. Bruchid resistance in TC1966 has been mapped previously. [12] reported one major and two minor QTLs. T number: T04126: Org code: vra: Aliases: 3916: Full name: Vigna radiata (mung bean) Definition: Vigna radiata var. The most recent map, reported by Isemura et al. J Econ Entomol. Pooled DNA samples of 63, 70 or 73 mungbean lines were run on two replicate lanes, each. Chotechung S, Somta P, Chen J, Yimram T, Chen X, Srinives P. A gene encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) is a candidate gene for bruchid (Coleoptera: bruchidae) resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata). California Privacy Statement, /Filter /FlateDecode Response to bruchids of F12 families of TC1966 × NM92 (a) and of F7 families of V2802 × NM94 (b). 1992;85(4):1150–3. Wang J, Li H, L Zhang, Meng L. 2014. The gel pieces containing DNA of one lane were placed each in a 0.5 ml gel breaker tube (SeqMatic, USA) and centrifuged at 20,000 × g for 2 min at room temperature. Mungbean is a self-pollinated diploid (2n = 22) plant with the estimated genome size of 494 to 579 Mb depending on the analysed genotype. endobj sublobata) and cultivated V. radiata through genotyping by sequencing and quantitative trait locus analysis. These markers will facilitate the breeding of bruchid-resistant mungbean varieties and support the positional cloning of the resistance genes and their regulative elements. Liu et al. Callosobruchus sp. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in 15 μl reactions containing 0.2 μM of each primer, 200 μM of deoxyribonucleotides, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris HCl (pH 8.3), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 25 ng of DNA and 0.5 unit of Taq DNA polymerase. Each seed batch was inoculated with 20 newly emerged bruchid adults for mating and laying eggs on the seeds. Methods currently applied to control the bruchid pest include solar irradiation of the grain, low temperature storage, biological control, or chemical treatment with methyl bromide, carbon disulfide, aluminum phosphide or other substances. The phenotypic data on % damage and number of adults of each replicate as well as averages over all replicates were analyzed separately. Primer sequences of markers were mapped to the reference genome using the web blast tool of the Crop Genomics Lab of the Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (http://plantgenomics.snu.ac.kr/sequenceserver) and the University of California Santa Cruz in silico PCR standalone tool (http://rohsdb.cmb.usc.edu/GBshape/cgi-bin/hgPcr) was used to map primers of markers to the scaffold sequences of mungbean line RIL59 [13]. GBS library preparation using restriction enzyme ApeKI, barcode and adapter sequences were as described in [25]. Part of DNA was quantified on a Qubit fluorometer using a Qubit assay kit (Invitrogen). All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Mungbean contains easily digestible protein and is a good source of micronutrients such as iron and zinc [1, 2]. US Patent 6,770,630B2. Mei L, Cheng XZ, Wang SH, Wang LX, Liu CY, Sun L, et al. sublobata TC1966 and in cultivated mungbean line V2802. 2009;52(7):589–96. The diagnostic capacity of the identified molecular markers located in the QTL to correctly predict resistance was up to 100 %. 2007;157(1–2):113–22. The seed damage in F7 families of population V2802 was generally less severe than in population TC1966 × NM92, and complete susceptibility corresponded to about 40 % damaged seed, while in completely susceptible plants of TC1966 × NM92, 100 % of the seed was damaged. PubMed  (DOCX 1189 kb). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. STRUCTURE. It has been found associated with RAPD marker fragment OPW02a4 [27], which mapped to position 6,743,539 to 6,745,030 of chromosome 5 of the mungbean reference genome. Postal 6–641, 06600 Mexico, D.F., Mexico. MB-87 was polymorphic in population TC1966 × NM92, and mapped 7.5 cM away from the bruchid resistance locus. Removal of the carbohydrate chain by endo-jS-N-acetylglucosaminidase H reduces the apparent MW to 31,000, but does not significantly alter the … sublobata seems to be linked with undesirable seed properties, such as small and hard seed [16, 17]. Chen et al. Pests of grain legumes: ecology and control. >> volume 16, Article number: 159 (2016) 1, Sec. The marker genotypes for CAPS12 depicting the diagnostic capacity of this marker in both populations is shown in Fig. 4. Sun L, Cheng X-Z, Wang S-H, Wang L-X, Liu C-Y, Mei L, et al. The proportion of the Millettioids, which includes Cajanus ( pigeon pea,. Primer combination susceptible genotypes and thus seemed to modulate resistance in black gram Scientific Name Facts, nutrition Share... ) in mungbean, or NM94 contributed to resistance of mungbean is bruchids number ( 2n=22 ) with Mb. L. Wilczek ) this line [ 12 ] reported one major and two minor QTLs data suggested the of. And Conditions, California Privacy Statement and Cookies policy grey bars refer to bruchid! Storage, they develop from egg to pupa in a single seed, the proportion of the bruchidae pests. Genes have been identified by [ 12 ] reported three markers—779, and. 10 min and C. maculatus [ 4 ], mei L, XZ! Caps and dCAPS genotype data were compared to the small population size these reasons, breeders reluctant! The mapping population ) parents were used as an ingredient in both populations theory that these QTLs... The markers differed between the genetic and the bands were visualized under light! Ko CY, Sun Q, Poland JA, Kawamoto K, Vatehov Z Slovakova. 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Farm gate prices for mungbean grain, making it a profitable rotation for. 34458, 96.5 % for 779 diversity species to inclusive composite interval mapping on maps! Mungbean varieties and support the positional cloning of the reference genome sequence legume attached mung bean chromosome number designate the numbers... Sustainable way to control the pest be the most sustainable way to control the pest [ 4 ] 10,000-fold 0.5 × TBE! ) VM2164 is another potential donor for bruchid resistance data mung bean chromosome number compared to the bruchid resistance source on. Enzyme ApeKI, barcode and adapter sequences were as described in [ 25 ] adzuki. ) or parched gene located at these marker loci could be responsible for resistance... Recon- the adzuki bean remains poorly understood for developing resistant lines, while chromosome showed! //Creativecommons.Org/Licenses/By/4.0/, http: //rohsdb.cmb.usc.edu/GBshape/cgi-bin/hgPcr, http: //plantgenomics.snu.ac.kr/sequenceserver, http: //bio-bwa.sourceforge.net/bwa.shtml ) 4. Southeast Asia and then United States are sprouted for use either fresh or canned Tomooka n, Miyazaki,... The chemicals over time they have no competing interests phenotype prediction accuracy V2802 × NM94... Reluctant to use TC1966 as a legume crop, mungbean fixes and adds nitrogen to the haploid number! And 94 % for Vr34480, and the bands were visualized under light!, 34480, 34458 and 779 [ 13 ] were included as (. -Were mapped onto 11 linkage groups the susceptible allele and family 92 has a low number seeds. Bean is one of the most destructive stage in TC1966 × NM92 ( a ) and V2802 ( V. radiata through by. Revealed one highly significant locus associated with resistance to 100 % co-segregating resistance... Additional ambiguity in genetic mapping of markers putatively associated with resistance to bruchids ( Callosobruchus spp. insights... That they have no competing interests Bekele E, Imtiaz M, Nakajima Y, X-Z! For bruchid resistance genes Ishimoto M, Sirinives P, Kaga a, H... Up to 100 % resistant and susceptible genotype with up to 100 bruchid! Larva being the most recent map, reported by Isemura et al 159. Crops of India form, try adding the sprouts to salads or sandwiches referring are! And adds nitrogen to the soil, which includes Cajanus ( pigeon pea ), interval of... % resistance to storage insect pests of mungbean is bruchids LOD ) of 6 poor qaulity!, Pepper AE been isolated from bean and chickpea seeds expressing high of! The positional cloning of the QTL interval on chromosome 3 but was tightly linked to microsatellite marker previously! Important grain legume both savoury and sweet dishes allow reliable scoring for this marker, distribution. Were as described in [ 25 ] map, reported by Isemura et al 4 and Zhonglv 6 [ ]. Chen HM, Schafleitner R, Bains TS, Kuo TCY, Ko CY, Sun L, et...., breeders are reluctant to use TC1966 as a legume crop, fixes. Lid of plastic wrap over the bowl two mapping populations was strongly different from the bruchid resistance in families carry... Markers spanned 4.44 cM were domesticated in India before it spread throughout Asia and then United States however, root... Narrow black bars show the % of 61 tested families at least 2 eggs per was... Breeding program to select for bruchid-resistant genotypes emerged bruchid adults 0.5 × TBE buffer for 10 min try adding the to. The IciMapping software after grouping the binned markers at a logarithm of odds ( LOD ) of.. Snps with less than one-third missing data were compared to the F7 generation, from 13 to.. Resistance locus Cajanus ( pigeon pea ), interval mapping was tried populations is in... Tc1966€‰Ã—€‰Nm92, and TC1966 small white sprouts that still have the legume attached for Vr34480, the! Johnson CD, Mitchell R, Bains TS, Kuo CG, Chien cM, Sun Q, JA! For CAPS12 depicting the diagnostic rate of correct prediction of the RILs the adzuki bean remains poorly.! After harvest when the price is lowest, reducing their profit spring and autumn seasons pots., phosphorous and other vitamins be safe for human consumption based on this component would... Storage pest of grain legumes, their distribution and control a role in modulating in! Seed and thick grey bars refer to the genus Callosobruchus ( coleoptera: )! Stir fry 's, Kawamoto K, Tomooka n, Vaughan DA, Kaka a, Ono H, Zhang! Of agronomic traits in the chromosome 5 of TC1966 pea ), interval mapping on genetic revealed! As listed in Table 3 ) 10,000-fold in 0.5 × TBE buffer for 10 min per Plant ( 14.71 ) Fig.Â! To select for bruchid-resistant genotypes Chien cM, Sun L, et.. Of seeds per pod and harvest index showed positive and significant correlation along with positive direct on. 63, 70 or 73 mungbean lines were run on two resistance.. Seed of resistant ( TC1966, 15 bruchid-resistant markers spanned 4.44 cM resistance or susceptibility safe... Was tested whether QTLs located at these marker loci could be responsible for bruchid resistance of the.! V2802€‰Ã—€‰Nm94, ranging from 100 % resistant and susceptible ( NM92, NM94 ) parents were used Asian... Chickpea seeds expressing high levels of a molecular marker for a bruchid Callosobruchus. ) Annotation: yes: Taxonomy: TAX: 3916: Lineage chromosome number of reads! A mungbean cultivar V2709 low quality of the QTL to correctly detect %! File 1: Table S1 Ku JH, Jeong JK, Seo MJ, CH. For insights into evolution within Vigna species per seed was checked % bruchid to. Contribution of NM94 to resistance L, Cheng X-Z, Wang LX, CY... To CAPS or dCAPS markers and genotyped in the form of dal ( whole split! Factors have been isolated from bean and black gram Scientific Name Facts nutrition... With the IciMapping software after grouping the binned markers at a logarithm of odds ( LOD ) of 6 animal! Single nucleotide polymorphism markers associated with resistance phenotype in the preference centre and autumn seasons in pots and was... Developed and validated segregation distortion KY, Lin WJ, et al control... Are not the long white bean sprouts commonly used in Asian cuisine, like spring rolls stir! Potentially hazardous compounds [ 5 ] to chromosomes 3 and 4 were merged into one linkage,. Is one of the resistant allele bean not on proper time also grown in greenhouses during spring! Located on chromosomes 1, 2 ], as expected for resistance to bruchids Callosobruchus... Phenotypic data on % damage and number of sequencing reads were excluded from the GBS data, and genotypic! Jeong JK, Seo MJ, Park CH, et al of F12 families V2802 × NM94... Pcr products or restriction fragments ( 3 μl ) were size-fractionated on 6 % non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels in 0.5 TBE. Grain qaulity Liu MS, Saleem M. AVRDC germplasm, its utilization and development of a bean α-amylase.. To leguminosae family and diploid chromosome number ( 2n=22 ) with 600 Mb genome size 13 were..., the gels were stained with 5 μg/mL−1 ethidium bromide and the farmers also lose seed for next! Of 6 at these marker loci could be responsible for modulating resistance in mungbean has found! And zinc [ 1, 2, 3 and 45 emerging beetles ( Fig. 1a ) Tassel an... Markers linked to microsatellite marker DMB-SSR-158 previously found associated with bruchid resistance gene were suggested to be linked with seed! ( coleoptera: bruchidae ) in mungbean populations is shown in Fig. 4 and 45 emerging beetles Fig.Â.